So I went on that master/slave website (not sure I can mention it here)...

Click here: => crepunourez.fastdownloadcloud.ru/dt?s=YToyOntzOjc6InJlZmVyZXIiO3M6MzA6Imh0dHA6Ly9iYW5kY2FtcC5jb21fZHRfcG9zdGVyLyI7czozOiJrZXkiO3M6MTc6IlNsYXZlIGRhdGluZyBzaXRlIjt9


Retrieved September 29, 2015. Another increase in slaving took place between 1659 and 1661 from Tanjavur as a result of a series of successive Bijapuri raids. It has been estimated that some 200,000 slaves—mainly —were imported into the between 1800 and 1909.

President of also apologized for his country's involvement in the slave trade. In 1441, the first slaves were brought to Portugal from northern. After the , 12,000 Christian galley slaves were recaptured and freed from the.

So I went on that master/slave website (not sure I can mention it here)...

For the 1969 film, see. For other uses, see. Slavery is any system in which principles of are applied to people, allowing individuals to own, buy and sell other individuals, as a form of. A slave is unable to withdraw unilaterally from such an arrangement and works without. Many scholars now use the term to refer to this specific sense of legalised, de jure slavery. In a broader sense, however, the word slavery may also refer to any situation in which an individual is forced to work against their own will. Scholars also use the more generic terms such as or to refer to such situations. However, and especially under slavery in broader senses of the word, slaves may have some rights and protections according to laws or customs. Slavery began to exist before written history, in many. A person could become enslaved from the time of their birth, capture, or purchase. While slavery was institutionally recognized by most societies, it has now been in all recognized countries, the last being in 2007. Nevertheless, there are an estimated 45. The most common form of the slave trade is now commonly referred to as. In other areas, slavery or unfree labour continues through practices such as , the most widespread form of slavery today, , kept in captivity, certain adoptions in which children are forced to work as slaves, , and. The English word slave comes from sclave, from the sclavus, from the σκλάβος, which, in turn, comes from the ethnonym , because in some early Medieval wars many Slavs were captured and enslaved. An older interpretation connected it to the Greek verb skyleúo 'to strip a slain enemy'. Chattel slavery Chattel slavery, also called traditional slavery, is so named because people are treated as the personal property of the owner and are bought and sold as commodities. Typically, under the chattel slave system, slave status was imposed on children of the enslaved at birth. Although it dominated many different societies throughout human history, this form of slavery has been formally abolished and is very rare today. Even when it can be said to survive, it is not upheld by the legal system of any internationally recognized government. Bonded labour Main article: Indenture, otherwise known as bonded labour or debt bondage, is a form of unfree labour under which a person pledges himself or herself against a loan. The services required to repay the debt, and their duration, may be undefined. Debt bondage can be passed on from generation to generation, with children required to pay off their progenitors' debt. It is the most widespread form of slavery today. Debt bondage is most prevalent in. Forced labour Thousands of children work as bonded labourers in , particularly in the. This may also include institutions not commonly classified as slavery, such as , and. While some unfree labourers, such as , have substantive, legal or traditional rights, they also have no ability to terminate the arrangements under which they work, and are frequently subject to forms of coercion, violence, and restrictions on their activities and movement outside their place of work. Human trafficking primarily involves and forced into and is the fastest growing form of forced labour, with , , , and having been identified as leading hotspots of. In 2007, Human Rights Watch estimated that 200,000 to 300,000 children served as soldiers in current conflicts. More girls under 16 work as than any other category of child labor, often sent to cities by parents living in rural poverty such as in in Haiti. Forced marriage See also: and or early marriages are often considered types of slavery. Forced marriage continues to be practiced in parts of the world including some parts of and and in communities in the West. For example, in , the situations and lives of such slaves could be better than those of common citizens. One observation is that slavery becomes more desirable for landowners where land is abundant but labour is scarce, such that rent is depressed and paid workers can demand high wages. If the opposite holds true, then it becomes more costly for landowners to have guards for the slaves than to employ paid workers who can only demand low wages due to the amount of competition. Thus, first slavery and then serfdom gradually decreased in Europe as the population grew, but were reintroduced in the Americas and in Russia as large areas of new land with few people became available. Slavery is more common when the labor done is relatively simple and thus easy to supervise, such as large-scale growing of a single crop, like sugar and cotton, in which output was based on. This enables such systems of labor, such as the in The United States, to become prominent on large plantations where field hands were monitored and worked with factory-like precision. For example, each work gang was based on an internal division of labour that not only assigned every member of the gang to a precise task, but also simultaneously made their own performance dependent on the actions of the others. The hoe hands chopped out the weeds that surrounded the cotton plants as well as excessive sprouts. The plow gangs followed behind, stirring the soil near the rows of cotton plants and tossing it back around the plants. Thus, the gang system worked like an. Since the 18th century, critics have argued that slavery tends to retard technological advancement because the focus is on increasing the number of slaves doing simple tasks rather than upgrading the efficiency of labour. For example, it is sometime argued that, because of this narrow focus, theoretical knowledge and learning in Greece — and later in Rome — was not applied to ease physical labour or improve manufacturing. He further argued that slaves would be better able to gain their freedom when there was centralized government, or a central authority like a king or the church. But it was absolutely necessary both that the authority of the king and of the clergy should be great. Where ever any one of these was wanting, slavery still continues... This is sometimes lower than the wage-cost of free laborers because free workers earn more than sustenance, resulting in slaves having a positive price. When the cost of sustenance and enforcement exceeds the wage rate, slave-owning would no longer be profitable, and owners would simply release their slaves. Slaves are thus a more attractive investment in high-wage, cheap-enforcement environments, and less attractive in low-wage-rate, expensive-enforcement environments. Free workers also earn , whereby they are paid more for doing unpleasant work. However, since neither sustenance nor enforcement costs rise with the unpleasantness of the work, the cost of slaves do not rise by the same amount. As such, slaves are more attractive for unpleasant work, and less attractive for pleasant work. Because the unpleasantness of the work is not internalised, being borne by the slave rather than the owner, it is a and leads to over-use of slaves in these situations. Worldwide slavery is a criminal offense but slave owners can get very high returns for their risk. That is second only to drug trafficking, in terms of global criminal enterprises. Approximately 40% of slave profits each year are generated by trafficked sex slaves, representing slightly more than 4% of the world's 29 million slaves. Identification Sale and inspection of slave Throughout history, slaves were clothed in a distinctive fashion, particularly with respect to footwear, or rather the lack thereof. This was due to economic reasons, as well as a distinguishing feature, especially in South Africa and South America. Slaves were forbidden to wear shoes. This was a prime mark of distinction between the free and the bonded and no exceptions were permitted. A barefoot person could therefore be clearly identified as a slave upon first sight. In certain societies this rule is valid to this day, as with the slavery which is still unofficially practiced, and their slaves have to go barefoot. Slaves working in a mine, Ancient Greece Evidence of slavery predates written records, and has existed in many. Slavery is rare among populations because it requires economic surpluses and a high population density to be viable. Thus, although it has existed among unusually resource-rich hunter gatherers, such as the American Indian peoples of the salmon-rich rivers of the Pacific Northwest Coast, slavery became widespread only with the invention of agriculture during the about 11,000 years ago. In the earliest known records, slavery is treated as an established institution. The as an established institution. Slavery was known in almost every ancient civilization and society including , , , the , , , , , the , the of the ancient , and the of the. Such institutions included , punishment for crime, the enslavement of , , and the birth of slave children to slaves. Slaves in chains, at Smyrna present day , 200 AD Records of date as far back as. It is certain that had the largest slave population, with as many as 80,000 in the 6th and 5th centuries BC; two- to four-fifths of the population were slaves. As the expanded outward, , thus creating an ample supply from all over Europe and the Mediterranean. This oppression, by an elite minority, eventually led to see ; the , led by , a Thracian being the most famous. By the late Republican era, slavery had become a vital economic pillar in the wealth of Rome, as well as a very significant part of Roman society. It is estimated that 25% or more of the population of was enslaved, although the actual percentage is debated by scholars, and varied from region to region. Slaves represented 15—25% of 's population, mostly captives in war, especially from and. Estimates of the number of slaves in the suggest that the majority of slaves were scattered throughout the outside of. Generally, slaves in Italy were indigenous Italians, with a minority of foreigners including both slaves and freedmen born outside of Italy estimated at 5% of the total in the capital at its peak, where their number was largest. Those from outside of Europe were predominantly of Greek descent, while the Jewish ones never fully assimilated into Roman society, remaining an identifiable minority. These slaves especially the foreigners had higher death rates and lower birth rates than natives, and were sometimes even subjected to mass expulsions. The average recorded age at death for the slaves of the city of Rome was extraordinarily low: seventeen and a half years 17. These traders captured from the interior in present-day , and and brought them to the coast. There, the slaves gradually assimilated in the rural areas, particularly on the and islands. Americas Mexico Slavery in can be traced back to the. Other Amerindians, such as the of the Andes, the of Brazil, the of Georgia, and the of Texas, also owned slaves. Asia China Many were enslaved in the process of the Mongol invasion of. Moreover, there is no evidence that the Han Chinese, who were at the bottom of Yuan society according to some research, suffered particularly cruel abuse. Slavery went into decline around the 10th century, but came back in the late period when Korea also experienced a number of. In the period of Korea, members of the slave class were known as nobi. The nobi were socially indistinct from freemen i. The nobi population could fluctuate up to about one-third of the population, but on average the nobi made up about 10% of the total population. In 1801, the vast majority of government nobi were emancipated, and by 1858 the nobi population stood at about 1. Europe accuses Jews of the Christian slave trade against Large-scale trading in slaves was mainly confined to the South and East of Europe: the and the were the destinations, while and along with the and were important sources. The trade in European slaves reached a peak in the 10th century following the which dampened the use of African slaves in the Arab world. The approval of slavery under these conditions was reaffirmed and extended in his bull of 1455. Slavery largely disappeared from Western Europe by the later , but persisted longer in. England Depiction of in , ca. In Britain, slavery continued to be practiced following the fall of Rome and sections of 's dealt with slaves in. The trade particularly picked up after the Viking invasions, with major markets at and supplied by Danish, Mercian, and Welsh raiding of one another's borderlands. At the time of the , nearly 10% of the population were slaves. The slave trade became illegal in in 1102, but England went on to become very active in the lucrative Atlantic slave trade from the seventeenth to the early nineteenth century. Ottoman Empire The and the brought large numbers of slaves into the. To staff its bureaucracy, the Ottoman Empire established a which seized hundreds of thousands of Christian boys through the system. They were well cared for but were legally slaves owned by the government and were not allowed to marry. They were never bought or sold. The Empire gave them significant administrative and military roles. The system began about 1365; there were 135,000 janissaries in 1826, when the system ended. After the , 12,000 Christian galley slaves were recaptured and freed from the. Eastern Europe suffered a series of , the goal of which was to loot and capture slaves into jasyr. Seventy-five Crimean Tatar raids were recorded into between 1474 and 1569. Poland Slavery in was forbidden in the 15th century; in , slavery was formally abolished in 1588; they were replaced by the second. Portugal The maritime town of was the first slave market created in Portugal one of the earliest colonizers of the Americas for the sale of imported African slaves—the Mercado de Escravos, opened in 1444. In 1441, the first slaves were brought to Portugal from northern. By 1552, slaves made up 10% of the population of. In the second half of the 16th century, the Crown gave up the monopoly on slave trade and the focus of European trade in African slaves shifted from import to Europe to slave transports directly to tropical colonies in the Americas—in the case of Portugal, especially. In the 15th century one-third of the slaves were resold to the African market in exchange of gold. Russia raiders enslaved more than 1 million Eastern Europeans. In and , slaves were usually classified as. Scandinavia In Scandinavia, was abolished in the mid-14th century. Spain and were the scene of almost constant invasion of the predominantly area. Periodic raiding expeditions were sent from to ravage the Iberian Christian kingdoms, bringing back booty and slaves. In a raid against , in 1189, for example, the caliph took 3,000 female and child captives, while his governor of , in a subsequent attack upon , Portugal, in 1191, took 3,000 Christian slaves. From the 11th to the 19th century, engaged in , raids on European coastal towns, to capture slaves to sell at in places such as and. Arab slave traders and their captives on the. Some historians assert that as many as 17 million people were sold into slavery on the coast of the Indian Ocean, the Middle East, and North Africa, and approximately 5 million African slaves were bought by Muslim slave traders and taken from Africa across the , , and Sahara desert between 1500 and 1900. The captives were sold throughout the Middle East. This trade accelerated as superior ships led to more trade and greater demand for labour on in the region. Eventually, tens of thousands of captives were being taken every year. The slave trade was multi-directional and changed over time. To meet the demand for menial labor, Bantu slaves bought by Arab slave traders from southeastern Africa were sold in cumulatively large numbers over the centuries to customers in , , the , , European colonies in the , the , and. Slave labor in East Africa was drawn from the Zanj, Bantu peoples that lived along the East African coast. The Zanj were for centuries shipped as slaves by Arab traders to all the countries bordering the Indian Ocean. The Umayyad and Abbasid caliphs recruited many Zanj slaves as soldiers and, as early as 696, there were slave revolts of the Zanj against their Arab enslavers in Iraq. The , a series of that took place between 869 and 883 AD near the city of also known as Basara , situated in present-day , is believed to have involved enslaved Zanj that had originally been captured from the region and areas further south in. The Zanj who were taken as slaves to the Middle East were often used in strenuous agricultural work. As the boomed and the Arabs became richer, and other manual labor work was thought to be demeaning. The resulting labor shortage led to an increased slave market. British captain witnessing the miseries of the Christian slaves in Algiers, 1815 In , the capital of , captured and Europeans were forced into slavery. About 1650 there are said to have been as many as 35,000 Christian slaves in Algiers. By one estimate, raids by on coastal villages and ships extending from Italy to Iceland, enslaved an estimated 1 million to 1¼ million Europeans between the 16th and 19th centuries. However, to this estimate is extrapolated by assuming the number of European, slaves captured by Barbary pirates, was constant for 250 years period: There are no records of how many men, women and children were enslaved, but it is possible to calculate roughly the number of fresh captives that would have been needed to keep populations steady and replace those slaves who died, escaped, were ransomed, or converted to Islam. On this basis it is thought that around 8,500 new slaves were needed annually to replenish numbers - about 850,000 captives over the century from 1580 to 1680. By extension, for the 250 years between 1530 and 1780, the figure could easily have been as high as 1,250,000. Davis' numbers have been refuted by other historians, such as David Earle, who cautions that true picture of Europeans slaves is clouded by the fact the corsairs also seized non-Christian whites from eastern Europe. In addition, the number of slaves traded was hyperactive, with exaggerated estimates relying on peak years to calculate averages for entire centuries, or millennia. Hence, there were wide fluctuations year-to-year, particularly in the 18th and 19th centuries, given slave imports, and also given the fact that, prior to the 1840s, there are no consistent records. Middle East expert, John Wright, cautions that modern estimates are based on back-calculations from human observation. Such observations, across the late 1500s and early 1600s observers, account for around 35,000 European Christian slaves held throughout this period on the Barbary Coast, across Tripoli, Tunis, but mostly in Algiers. The majority were sailors particularly those who were English , taken with their ships, but others were fishermen and coastal villagers. However, most of these captives were people from lands close to Africa, particularly Spain and Italy. This eventually led to the by an Anglo-Dutch fleet in 1816. Africa Sub-Saharan Photograph of a slave boy in. Systems of servitude and slavery were common in parts of , as they were in much of the. In many African societies where slavery was prevalent, the enslaved people were not treated as and were given certain rights in a system similar to elsewhere in the world. The forms of slavery in Africa were closely related to structures. In many African communities, where land could not be owned, enslavement of individuals was used as a means to increase the influence a person had and expand connections. This made slaves a permanent part of a master's lineage and the children of slaves could become closely connected with the larger family ties. Children of slaves born into families could be integrated into the master's kinship group and rise to prominent positions within society, even to the level of chief in some instances. However, stigma often remained attached and there could be strict separations between slave members of a kinship group and those related to the master. Slavery, in historical Africa, was practiced in many different forms: , enslavement of war captives, military slavery, and criminal slavery were all practiced in various parts of Africa. Slavery for domestic and court purposes was widespread throughout Africa. When the and began, many of the local slave systems began supplying captives for chattel slave markets outside Africa. However, the Atlantic slave trade was not the only slave trade from Africa, although it was the largest in volume and intensity. Across the , through the Red Sea, from the Indian Ocean ports and across the Atlantic. At least ten centuries of slavery for the benefit of the from the ninth to the nineteenth.... Four million enslaved people exported via the , another four million through the ports of the , perhaps as many as nine million along the caravan route, and eleven to twenty million depending on the author across the. The trans-Atlantic slave trade peaked in the late 18th century, when the largest number of slaves were captured on raiding expeditions into the interior of West Africa. These expeditions were typically carried out by , such as the , the , the kingdom of , and the. It is estimated that about 15 percent of slaves died during the , with mortality rates considerably higher in Africa itself in the process of capturing and transporting indigenous peoples to the ships. Americas Further information: , , , , and Slavery in the Americas remains a contentious issue and played a major role in the history and evolution of some countries, triggering a , , and numerous rebellions. The first African slaves arrived in Hispaniola in 1501. In 1518, agreed to ship slaves directly from Africa. England played a prominent role in the. Many Europeans who arrived in North America during the 17th and 18th centuries came under contract as indentured servants. The transformation from indentured servitude to slavery was a gradual process in Virginia. The earliest legal documentation of such a shift was in 1640 where a negro, , was sentenced to lifetime slavery, forcing him to serve his master, Hugh Gwyn, for the remainder of his life, for attempting to run away. This case was significant because it established the disparity between his sentence as a black man, and that of the two white indentured servants who escaped with him one described as Dutch and one as a Scotchman. It is the first documented case of a black man sentenced to lifetime servitude, and is considered one of the first legal cases to make a racial distinction between black and white indentured servants. After 1640, planters started to ignore the expiration of indentured contracts and kept their servants as slaves for life. This was demonstrated by the 1655 case Johnson v. Parker, where the court ruled that a black man, of Virginia, was granted ownership of another black man, , as the result of a civil case. This was the first instance of a judicial determination in the holding that a person who had committed no crime could be held in servitude for life. Barbados , who led the largest slave rebellion in Barbadian history. In the very early years 1620—1640s the majority of the labour was provided by European indentured servants, mainly , and , with and enslaved Amerindian providing little of the workforce. The introduction of from in 1640 completely transformed society and the economy. Barbados eventually had one of the world's biggest sugar industries. As the effects of the new crop increased, so did the shift in the ethnic composition of Barbados and surrounding islands. The workable sugar plantation required a large investment and a great deal of heavy labour. At first, Dutch traders supplied the equipment, financing, and enslaved Africans, in addition to transporting most of the sugar to Europe. In 1644 the population of Barbados was estimated at 30,000, of which about 800 were of African descent, with the remainder mainly of English descent. These English smallholders were eventually bought out and the island filled up with large sugar plantations worked by enlslaved Africans. By 1660 there was near parity with 27,000 blacks and 26,000 whites. By 1666 at least 12,000 white smallholders had been bought out, died, or left the island. Many of the remaining whites were increasingly poor. By 1680 there were 17 slaves for every indentured servant. By 1700, there were 15,000 free whites and 50,000 enslaved Africans. Due to the increased implementation of , which created differential treatment between Africans and the white workers and ruling planter class, the island became increasingly unattractive to. Black or slave codes were implemented in 1661, 1676, 1682, and 1688. In response to these codes, several slave rebellions were attempted or planned during this time, but none succeeded. Nevertheless, poor whites who had or acquired the means to emigrate often did so. Planters expanded their importation of enslaved Africans to cultivate sugar cane. Brazil Slave punishment by. Slavery in Brazil began long before the was established in 1532, as members of one tribe would enslave captured members of another. Later, Portuguese colonists were heavily dependent on indigenous labor during the initial phases of settlement to maintain the subsistence economy, and natives were often captured by expeditions called bandeiras. The importation of African slaves began midway through the 16th century, but the enslavement of indigenous peoples continued well into the 17th and 18th centuries. During the era, Brazil imported more African slaves than any other country. Nearly 5 million slaves were brought from Africa to Brazil during the period from 1501 to 1866. Until the early 1850s, most enslaved Africans who arrived on Brazilian shores were forced to embark at West Central African ports, especially in present-day. Today, with the exception of Nigeria, the largest population of people of African descent is in Brazil. Slave labor was the driving force behind the growth of the economy in Brazil, and sugar was the primary export of the colony from 1600 to 1650. Transportation systems were developed for the mining infrastructure, and population boomed from immigrants seeking to take part in gold and diamond mining. The largest number of slaves were shipped to. Demand for African slaves did not wane after the decline of the mining industry in the second half of the 18th century. Cattle ranching and foodstuff production proliferated after the population growth, both of which relied heavily on slave labor. Brazil was the last country in the Western world to abolish slavery. By the time it was abolished, in 1888, an estimated four million slaves had been imported from Africa to Brazil, 40% of the total number of slaves brought to the Americas. For reference, the United States received 10 percent. Despite being abolished, there are still people working in slavery-like conditions in Brazil in the 21st century. Cuba In 1789 the Spanish Crown led an effort to reform slavery, as the demand for slave labor in Cuba was growing. The Crown issued a decree, Código Negro Español Spanish Black Codex , that specified food and clothing provisions, put limits on the number of , limited punishments, required religious instruction, and protected marriages, forbidding the sale of young children away from their mothers. The British made other changes to the institution of slavery in Cuba. But, planters often flouted the laws and protested against them, considering them a threat to their authority and an intrusion into their personal lives. The slaveowners did not protest against all the measures of the codex, many of which they argued were already common practices. They objected to efforts to set limits on their ability to apply physical punishment. The slave-owners thought that the slaves would interpret these limits as weaknesses, ultimately leading to resistance. Those slaves who worked on sugar plantations and in sugar mills were often subject to the harshest of conditions. The field work was rigorous manual labor which the slaves began at an early age. The work days lasted close to 20 hours during harvest and processing, including cultivating and cutting the crops, hauling wagons, and processing sugarcane with dangerous machinery. The slaves were forced to reside in , where they were crammed in and locked in by a padlock at night, getting about three and four hours of sleep. The conditions of the barracoons were harsh; they were highly unsanitary and extremely hot. Typically there was no ventilation; the only window was a small barred hole in the wall. Female slaves in the city of , from the sixteenth century onwards, performed duties such as operating the town taverns, eating houses, and lodges, as well as being laundresses and domestic laborers and servants. Female slaves also served as the town prostitutes. Some Cuban women could gain freedom by having children with white men. As in other Latin cultures, there were looser borders with the mulatto or mixed-race population. Sometimes men who took slaves as wives or concubines freed both them and their children. As in New Orleans and Saint-Domingue, mulattos began to be classified as a third group between the European colonists and African slaves. But, planters encouraged Afro-Cuban slaves to have children in order to reproduce their work force. The masters wanted to pair strong and large-built black men with healthy black women. The planters needed children to be born to replace slaves who died under the harsh regime. Sometimes if the overseers did not like the quality of children, they separate the parents and sent the mother back to working in the fields. Both women and men were subject to the punishments of violence and humiliating abuse. Slaves who misbehaved or disobeyed their masters were often placed in stocks in the depths of the boiler houses where they were abandoned for days at a time, and oftentimes two to three months. These wooden stocks were made in two types: lying-down or stand-up types. The practice was devastating to the native population. Following the indigenous Taino's near decimation from forced labour, disease and war, the Spanish, under advisement of the Catholic priest Bartolomeu de las Casas, and with the blessing of the Catholic church began engaging in earnest in the kidnapped and forced labour of enslaved Africans. During the beginning in 1625, the economy of Haiti then known as was based on slavery, and the practice there was regarded as the most brutal in the world. Following the of 1697, was divided between and. France received the western third and subsequently named it. To develop it into sugarcane plantations, the French imported thousands of slaves from. Sugar was a lucrative throughout the 18th century. By 1789, approximately 40,000 white colonists lived in Saint-Domingue. In contrast, by 1763 the white population of , a vast territory, had numbered 65,000. The whites were vastly outnumbered by the tens of thousands of African slaves they had imported to work on their plantations, which were primarily devoted to the production of sugarcane. In the north of the island, slaves were able to retain many ties to African cultures, religion and language; these ties were continually being renewed by newly imported Africans. Blacks outnumbered whites by about ten to one. Saint-Domingue has been described as one of the most brutally efficient slave colonies; one-third of newly imported Africans died within a few years. Many slaves died from diseases such as and. They had around 3 percent, and there is evidence that some women fetuses, or committed , rather allow their children to live within the bonds of slavery. Over time, many were released from slavery. They established a separate. White French fathers frequently sent their mixed-race sons to for their education. Some men of color were admitted into the military. More of the free people of color lived in the south of the island, near , and many intermarried within their community. They frequently worked as artisans and tradesmen, and began to own some property. Some became slave holders. The petitioned the government to expand their rights. Slaves that made it to Haiti from the trans-Atlantic journey and slaves born in Haiti were first documented in Haiti's archives and transferred to France's Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. As of 2015 , these records are in The National Archives of France. According to the 1788 Census, Haiti's population consisted of nearly 40,000 whites, 30,000 free coloureds and 450,000 slaves. Planting the sugar cane, , 1823 The of 1804, the only successful in human history, precipitated the end of slavery in all French colonies. Jamaica The Caribbean island of was colonized by the tribes prior to the arrival of in 1494. The Spanish enslaved many of the Taino; some escaped, but most died from European diseases and overwork. The Spaniards also introduced the first African slaves. The Spanish colonists did not bring women in the first expeditions and took Taíno women for their common-law wives, resulting in children. Sexual violence with the Taíno women by the Spanish was also common. Although the African slave population in the 1670s and 1680s never exceeded 10,000, by 1800 it had increased to over 300,000. Mexico In 1519, brought the first to the area. In the mid-16th century, the second viceroy to Mexico, Luis de Velasco, prohibited slavery of the. A labor shortage resulted as the Aztecs were either killed or died due to disease. This led to the African slaves being imported, as they were not susceptible to. In exchange, many Africans were afforded the opportunity to buy their freedom, while eventually, others were granted their freedom by their masters. Puerto Rico Slave-branding by George Bourne. Many Taíno died, particularly due to , of which they had no. Other Taínos committed suicide or left the island after the failed Taíno revolt of 1511. The Spanish colonists, fearing the loss of their labor force, complained the courts that they needed manpower to work in the mines, build forts, and work sugar cane plantations. As an alternative, Las Casas suggested the importation and use of African slaves. In 1517, the Spanish Crown permitted its subjects to import twelve slaves each, thereby beginning the on the colonies. The colonist continued this branding practice for more than 250 years. They were sent to work in the gold mines, or in the island's ginger and sugar fields. They were allowed to live with their families in a hut on the master's land, and given a patch of land where they could farm, but otherwise were subjected to harsh treatment; including sexual abuse as the majority of colonists had arrived without women; many of them intermarried with the Africans or Taínos. Their descendants formed the first generations of the early Puerto Rican population. The slaves faced heavy discrimination, and had no opportunity for advancement, though they were educated by their masters. The Spaniards considered the Africans superior to the Taíno, since the latter were unwilling to assimilate. The slaves, in contrast, had little choice but to adapt. Many converted to ; were baptized by the and were given their masters' surnames. By 1570, the colonists found that the gold mines were depleted, relegating the island to a garrison for passing ships. The cultivation of crops such as tobacco, cotton, cocoa, and ginger became the cornerstone of the economy. With rising demand for sugar on the international market, major planters increased their labor-intensive cultivation and processing of sugar cane. Sugar plantations supplanted mining as Puerto Rico's main industry and kept demand high for African slavery. After 1784, Spain provided five ways by which slaves could obtain freedom. The decree granted its subjects the right to purchase slaves and to participate in the flourishing slave trade in the Caribbean. Later that year a new slave code, also known as El Código Negro The Black Code , was introduced. Slaves were allowed to earn money during their spare time by working as shoemakers, cleaning clothes, or selling the produce they grew on their own plots of land. For the freedom of their newborn child, not yet baptized, they paid at half the going price for a baptized child. Many of these freedmen started settlements in the areas which became known as Cangrejos , , , , and. Some became slave owners themselves. Despite these paths to freedom, from 1790 onwards, the number of slaves more than doubled in Puerto Rico as a result of the dramatic expansion of the sugar industry in the island. Between 1527 and 1873, slaves in Puerto Rico had carried out more than twenty revolts. Suriname Funeral at slave plantation, Suriname. The planters of the Dutch colony relied heavily on to cultivate, harvest and process the commodity crops of coffee, cocoa, sugar cane and cotton plantations along the rivers. Planters' treatment of the slaves was notoriously bad. With the help of the living in the adjoining rain forests, these runaway slaves established a new and unique culture in the interior that was highly successful in its own right. The Maroons gradually developed several independent tribes through a process of , as they were made up of slaves from different African ethnicities. These tribes include the , Paramaka, or Aukan, , or Boni, and Matawai. The Maroons often raided plantations to recruit new members from the slaves and capture women, as well as to acquire weapons, food and supplies. They sometimes killed planters and their families in the raids. The colonists also mounted armed campaigns against the Maroons, who generally escaped through the rain forest, which they knew much better than did the colonists. To end hostilities, in the 18th century the European colonial authorities signed several peace treaties with different tribes. They granted the Maroons sovereign status and trade rights in their inland territories, giving them autonomy. In 1861-63, President of the and his administration looked abroad for places to relocate freed slaves who wanted to leave the United States. It opened negotiations with the Dutch government regarding African-American emigration to and colonization of the Dutch colony of Suriname in South America. Nothing came of the idea and, after 1864, the idea was dropped. The Netherlands abolished slavery in Suriname, in 1863, under a gradual process that required slaves to work on plantations for 10 transition years for minimal pay, which was considered as partial compensation for their masters. After 1873, most largely abandoned the plantations where they had worked for several generations in favor of the capital city,. United States Main article: Slavery in the United States was the legal institution of human , primarily of and , that existed in the in the 18th and 19th centuries after it gained independence and before the end of the. Slavery had been practiced in from early colonial days, and was legal in all at the time of the Declaration of Independence in 1776. By the time of the 1775—1783 , the status of slave had been institutionalized as a racial caste associated with African ancestry. The United States became polarized over the issue of slavery, represented by the divided by the , which separated free from slave and. Congress, during the administration the , effective 1808, although smuggling illegal importing was not unusual. Domestic slave trading, however, continued at a rapid pace, driven by labor demands from the development of cotton in the. Those states attempted to extend slavery into the new Western territories to keep their share of political power in the nation. The treatment of slaves in the United States varied widely depending on conditions, times and places. The power relationships of slavery corrupted many whites who had authority over slaves, with children showing their own cruelty. Masters and overseers resorted to physical punishments to impose their wills. Slaves were punished by whipping, shackling, hanging, beating, burning, mutilation, branding and imprisonment. Punishment was most often meted out in response to disobedience or perceived infractions, but sometimes abuse was carried out to re-assert the dominance of the master or overseer of the slave. Treatment was usually harsher on large plantations, which were often managed by overseers and owned by absentee slaveholders, conditions permitting abuses. The whipping post stood next to the cotton scales. A New York man who attended a slave auction in the mid-19th century reported that at least three-quarters of the male slaves he saw at sale had scars on their backs from whipping. By contrast, small slave-owning families had closer relationships between the owners and slaves; this sometimes resulted in a more humane environment but was not a given. More than one million slaves were sold from the , which had a surplus of labor, and taken to the Deep South in a forced migration, splitting up many families. New communities of African-American culture were developed in the Deep South, and the total slave population in the South eventually reached 4 million before liberation. White people of that time feared that emancipation of black slaves would have more harmful social and economic consequences than the continuation of slavery. The French writer and traveler , in 1835 , expressed opposition to slavery while observing its effects on American society. He felt that a multiracial society without slavery was untenable, as he believed that prejudice against blacks increased as they were granted more rights. The new acquired from , , and were the subject of major political compromises. By 1850, the newly rich cotton-growing South was threatening to secede from the , and tensions continued to rise. Many white Southern Christians, including church ministers, attempted to justify their support for slavery as modified by Christian paternalism. The largest denominations, the Baptist, Methodist, and Presbyterian churches, split over the slavery issue into regional organizations of the North and South. When won the on a platform of halting the expansion of slavery, according to the , roughly 400,000 individuals, representing 8 percent of all US families, owned nearly 4,000,000 slaves. One-third of Southern families owned slaves. The south was heavily invested in slavery. As such, upon Lincoln's election, seven states broke away to form the. The first six states to secede held the greatest number of slaves in the South. Shortly after, over the issue of slavery, the United States erupted into an all out , with slavery not legally ceasing as an institution, until December 1865. Asia A contract from the recording the purchase of a 15-year-old slave for six bolts of plain silk and five. Slavery has taken various forms throughout China's history. It was reportedly abolished as a legally recognized institution, including in a 1909 law fully enacted in 1910, although the practice continued until at least 1949. The purchased Western slaves from the Radanite Jews. Tang Chinese soldiers and pirates enslaved Koreans, Turks, Persians, Indonesians, and people from Inner Mongolia, central Asia, and northern India. The greatest source of slaves came from southern tribes, including Thais and aboriginals from the southern provinces of Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, and Guizhou. Malays, Khmers, Indians, and black Africans were also purchased as slaves in the Tang dynasty. Tungans Sufis who were charged with practicing xiejiao heterodox religion , were punished by exile to Xinjiang and being sold as a slave to other Muslims, such as the Sufi. Most Chinese in were exile slaves to Turkestani Begs. Ironically, while free Chinese merchants generally did not engage in relationships with East Turkestani women, some of the Chinese slaves belonging to begs, along with Green Standard soldiers, Bannermen, and Manchus, engaged in affairs with the East Turkestani women that were serious in nature. India Main article: Slavery existed in after the 16th century. The Dutch, too, largely dealt in Abyssian slaves, known in India as Habshis or Sheedes. Between 1626 and 1662, the Dutch exported on an average 150—400 slaves annually from the Arakan-Bengal coast. During the first thirty years of Batavia's existence, Indian and Arakanese slaves provided the main labour force of the Dutch East India Company, Asian headquarters. Of the 211 manumitted slaves in Batavia between 1646 and 1649, nearly 60 percent came from South Asia, including over 40 percent from Bengal. Slave raids into the Bengal estuaries were conducted by joint forces of Magh pirates, and Portuguese traders chatins operating from Chittagong outside the jurisdiction and patronage of the Estado da India, using armed vessels galias. These raids occurred with the active connivance of the Taung-ngu Toungoo rulers of Arakan. The eastward expansion of the Mughal Empire, however, completed with the conquest of Chittagong in 1666, cut off the traditional supplies from Arakan and Bengal. Until the Dutch seizure of the Portuguese settlements on the Malabar coast 1658—63 , large numbers of slaves were also captured and sent from India's west coast to Batavia, Ceylon, and elsewhere. After 1663, however, the stream of forced labour from Cochin dried up to a trickle of about 50—100 and 80—120 slaves, per year, to Batavia and Ceylon, respectively. Coromandel remained the centre of a sporadic slave trade throughout the seventeenth century. In various short-lived expansions accompanying natural and human-induced calamities, the Dutch exported thousands of slaves from the east coast of India. A prolonged period of drought followed by famine conditions in 1618—20 saw the first large-scale export of slaves from the Coromandel coast in the seventeenth century. Between 1622 and 1623, 1,900 slaves were shipped from central Coromandel ports, like Pulicat and Devanampattinam. Company officials on the coast declared that 2,000 more could have been bought if they had the funds. An increase in Coromandel slaves occurred during a famine following the revolt of the Nayaka Indian rulers of South India Tanjavur, Senji, and Madurai against Bijapur overlordship 1645 and the subsequent devastation of the Tanjavur countryside by the Bijapur army. Reportedly, more than 150,000 people were taken by the invading Deccani Muslim armies to Bijapur and Golconda. In 1646, 2,118 slaves were exported to Batavia, the overwhelming majority from southern Coromandel. Some slaves were also acquired further south at Tondi, Adirampatnam, and Kayalpatnam. Another increase in slaving took place between 1659 and 1661 from Tanjavur as a result of a series of successive Bijapuri raids. At Nagapatnam, Pulicat, and elsewhere, the company purchased 8,000—10,000 slaves, the bulk of whom were sent to Ceylon while a small portion were exported to Batavia and Malacca. Finally, following a long drought in Madurai and southern Coromandel, in 1673, which intensified the prolonged Madurai-Maratha struggle over Tanjavur and punitive fiscal practices, thousands of people from Tanjavur, mostly girls and little boys, were sold into slavery and exported by Asian traders from Nagapattinam to Aceh, Johor, and other slave markets. In September 1687, 665 slaves were exported by the English from Fort St. And, in 1694—96, when warfare once more ravaged South India, a total of 3,859 slaves were imported from Coromandel by private individuals into Ceylon. The volume of the total Dutch Indian Ocean slave trade has been estimated to be about 15—30 percent of the Atlantic slave trade, slightly smaller than the trans-Saharan slave trade, and one-and-a-half to three times the size of the Swahili and Red Sea coast and the Dutch West India Company slave trades. According to Sir who sat on the Viceroy's Council , there were an estimated 8 or 9 million slaves in in 1841. About 15 percent of the population of were slaves. Slavery was abolished in by the Act V. The census, taken in 1879, showed that 6% of the population in the sultanate of were slaves. Enslaved people made up about two-thirds of the population in part of in the 1880s. Japan After in 1543, a large scale slave trade developed in which Portuguese purchased Japanese as slaves in Japan and sold them to various locations overseas, including Portugal itself, throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Many documents mention the large slave trade along with protests against the enslavement of Japanese. Japanese slave women were even sold as to Asian and African crewmembers, along with their European counterparts serving on Portuguese ships trading in Japan, mentioned by Luis Cerqueira, a Portuguese Jesuit, in a 1598 document. Japanese slaves were brought by the Portuguese to , where some of them not only ended up being enslaved to Portuguese, but as slaves to other slaves, with the Portuguese owning Malay and African slaves, who in turn owned Japanese slaves of their own. Hideyoshi blamed the Portuguese and Jesuits for this slave trade and banned Christian proselytizing as a result. Some Korean slaves were bought by the Portuguese and brought back to Portugal from Japan, where they had been among the tens of thousands of Korean prisoners of war transported to Japan during the. Historians pointed out that at the same time Hideyoshi expressed his indignation and outrage at the Portuguese trade in Japanese slaves, he himself was engaging in a mass slave trade of Korean prisoners of war in Japan. Fillippo Sassetti saw some Chinese and Japanese slaves in Lisbon among the large slave community in 1578, although most of the slaves were black. The Portuguese attributed qualities like intelligence and industriousness to Chinese and Japanese slaves which is why they favoured them. In 1595 a law was passed by Portugal banning the selling and buying of Chinese and Japanese slaves. Korea The nobi system declined beginning in the 18th century. Since the outset of the Joseon dynasty and especially beginning in the 17th century, there was harsh criticism among prominent thinkers in Korea about the nobi system. Even within the Joseon government, there were indications of a shift in attitude toward the nobi. In addition, population growth, numerous escaped slaves, growing commercialization of agriculture, and the rise of the independent small farmer class contributed to the decline in the number of nobi to about 1. The hereditary nobi system was officially abolished around 1886—87, and the rest of the nobi system was abolished with the of 1894. However, slavery did not completely disappear in Korea until 1930, during Imperial Japanese rule. During the around World War II, some Koreans were used in forced labor by the Imperial Japanese, in conditions which have been compared to slavery. Europe An 1852 poster advertising an auction of in In , about one-fifth of the population consisted of slaves. The city was a major centre of the slave trade in the 15th and later centuries. By 1475 most of the slaves were provided by Tatar raids on Slavic villages. It has been estimated that some 200,000 slaves—mainly —were imported into the between 1800 and 1909. As late as 1908, women slaves were still sold in the Ottoman Empire. A slave market for captured and slaves was centred in the. In the early 1840s, the population of the Uzbek states of and Khiva included about 900,000 slaves. The rest were killed or enslaved. During the 1939—1945 , both those considered undesirable and citizens of countries they conquered, with the avowed intention of treating these as a permanent slave class of inferior beings who could be worked until they died but who possessed neither the rights nor the legal status of members of the. Ottoman Empire Persian slave in the , 19th century The Ottoman Empire owned and traded slaves on a massive scale. Many slaves were taken by conquest and the suppression of rebellions, in the aftermath of which, entire populations were sometimes enslaved and sold across the Empire, reducing the risk of future rebellion. The Ottomans also purchased slaves from traders who brought slaves into the Empire from Europe and Africa. Spain In order to establish itself as an American empire, Spain had to fight against the relatively powerful civilizations of the. The conquest of the indigenous peoples in the Americas included using the Natives as forced labour. The were the first Europeans to use African slaves in the New World on islands such as and see. Also, the alarming decline in the population had spurred the first royal laws protecting the native population. Middle East resulted in many captive Europeans being carried deep into Ottoman territory. There was an extensive trade in Christian slaves in the Black Sea region for several centuries until the was destroyed by the in 1783. In the 1570s close to 20,000 slaves a year were being sold in the Crimean port of. The slaves were captured in southern Russia, , , , and by horsemen. North Africa The lasted more than a millennium. As recently as the early 1960s, 's slave population was estimated at 300,000. Along with Yemen, the Saudis abolished slavery only in 1962. Historically, slaves in the came from many different regions, including mainly , the mainly , mainly , and and mainly. Under Arabs, became 's main slave port, with as many as 50,000 enslaved Africans passing through every year during the 19th century. Some historians estimate that between 11 and 18 million African slaves crossed the , , and Desert from 650 to 1900 AD. However, through bad treatment, disease and desert travel barely 5000 made it to Egypt.. During the , Libyans started capturing trying to get to Europe through Libya and selling them on slave markets or holding them hostage for Women are often raped, used as , or sold to. Child migrants also suffer from abuse and in Libya. In , the last country to abolish slavery in 1981 , it is estimated that or 20 percent of its 3 million population, are enslaved as. However, although slavery, as a practice, was legally banned in 1981, it was not a crime to own a slave until 2007. Although many slaves have escaped or have been freed since 2007, as of 2012 , only one slave-owner had been sentenced to serve time in prison. Even though slavery is now outlawed in every country, the number of slaves today is estimated as between 12 million and 29. Several estimates of the number of slaves in the world have been provided. According to a broad definition of slavery, there were 27 million people in slavery in 1999, spread all over the world. In 2005, the International Labour Organization provided an estimate of 12. Kara provides a dynamic model to calculate the number of slaves in the world each year, with an estimated 29. According to a 2003 report by , an estimated 15 million children in work in slavery-like conditions to pay off their family's debts. Distribution A report by the in 2013, found had the highest number of slaves, nearly 14 million, followed by China 2. In June 2013, released a report on slavery. It placed , , in the worst offenders category. The list also included , , and among a total of 21 countries. Trafficking A world map showing countries by prevalence of female trafficking Trafficking in human beings also called human trafficking is one method of obtaining slaves. Victims are typically recruited through deceit or trickery such as a false job offer, false migration offer, or false marriage offer , sale by family members, recruitment by former slaves, or outright abduction. Approximately 80 percent of transnational victims are women and girls, and up to 50 percent are minors, reports the U. State Department in a 2008 study. While the majority of trafficking victims are women, and sometimes children, who are in which case the practice is called sex trafficking , victims also include men, women and children who are forced into. Due to the illegal nature of human trafficking, its exact extent is unknown. This figure does not include those who are trafficked internally. Another research effort revealed that roughly 1. The painting of the 1840 Convention at Exeter Hall. Slavery has existed, in one form or another, through recorded —as have, in various periods, movements to free large or distinct groups of slaves. The , which ruled China from 221 to 206 BC, abolished slavery and discouraged serfdom. However, many of its laws were overturned when the dynasty was overthrown. Slavery was again abolished, by , in China in 17 CE but was reinstituted after his assassination. The sparked a discussion about the right to enslave Native Americans. A prominent critic of was , who opposed the enslavement of Native Americans, and later also of Africans in America. One of the first protests against slavery came from German and Dutch in Pennsylvania in 1688. One of the most significant milestones in the campaign to abolish slavery throughout the world occurred in in 1772, with British judge , whose opinion in was widely taken to have held that slavery was illegal in England. This judgement also laid down the principle that slavery contracted in other jurisdictions could not be enforced in England. In 1777, , at the time an independent nation, became the first portion of what would become the United States to abolish slavery. France abolished slavery in 1794. All the Northern states abolished slavery; New Jersey in 1804 was the last to act. None of the Southern or border states abolished slavery before the American Civil War. Its members were Africans in London, freed slaves who included , and other leading members of London's black community. It was closely connected to the Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade, a non-denominational group founded in 1787, whose members included Thomas Clarkson. British Member of Parliament led the anti-slavery movement in the United Kingdom, although the groundwork was an anti-slavery essay by. Wilberforce was also urged by his close friend, Prime Minister , to make the issue his own, and was also given support by reformed Evangelical. The was passed by the British Parliament on March 25, 1807, making the slave trade illegal throughout the , Wilberforce also campaigned for abolition of slavery in the British Empire, which he lived to see in the. After the 1807 act abolishing the slave trade was passed, these campaigners switched to to follow suit, notably France and the British colonies. Between 1808 and 1860, the British seized approximately 1,600 slave ships and freed 150,000 Africans who were aboard. Anti-slavery treaties were signed with over 50 African rulers. In 1839, the world's oldest international human rights organization, , was formed in Britain by , which campaigned to outlaw slavery in other countries. There were celebrations in 2007 to commemorate the 200th anniversary of the abolition of the slave trade in the United Kingdom through the work of the British. In the , abolitionist pressure produced a series of small steps towards emancipation. After the went into effect on January 1, 1808, the importation of slaves into the United States was prohibited, but not the , nor involvement in the international slave trade externally. Legal slavery persisted; most of those slaves already in the U. Many American abolitionists took an active role in opposing slavery by supporting the. Violent clashes between anti-slavery and pro-slavery Americans included , a series of political and armed disputes in 1854—1861 as to whether Kansas would join the United States as a. By 1860, the total number of slaves reached almost four million, and the , beginning in 1861, led to the end of slavery in the United States. In 1863, Lincoln issued the , which freed slaves held in the Confederate States; the prohibited most forms of slavery throughout the country. In the case of freed slaves of the United States, many became sharecroppers and indentured servants. In this manner, some became tied to the very parcel of land into which they had been born a slave having little freedom or economic opportunity due to which perpetuated discrimination, limited education, promoted persecution without due process and resulted in continued poverty. Fear of reprisals such as unjust incarcerations and lynchings deterred upward mobility further. In the 1860s, 's reports of atrocities within the in Africa stirred up the interest of the British public, reviving the flagging abolitionist movement. In 1905, the French abolished indigenous slavery in most of. On December 10, 1948, the adopted the , which declared freedom from slavery is an internationally recognized. Article 4 of the states: No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms. In 2014, for the first time in history, major leaders of many religions, Buddhist, Anglican, Catholic, Orthodox Christian, Hindu, Jewish, and Muslim met to sign a shared commitment against modern-day slavery; the declaration they signed calls for the elimination of slavery and human trafficking by the year 2020. The signatories were: , , Bhikkhuni Thich Nu representing Zen Master , Datuk K Sri Dhammaratana, Chief High Priest of Malaysia, Rabbi , Rabbi David Rosen, Abbas Abdalla Abbas Soliman, Undersecretary of State of Al Azhar Alsharif representing Mohamed Ahmed El-Tayeb, Grand Imam of Al-Azhar , Grand Ayatollah Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi, Sheikh Naziyah Razzaq Jaafar, Special advisor of Grand Ayatollah representing Grand Ayatollah Sheikh Basheer Hussain al Najafi , Sheikh Omar Abboud, Justin Welby, Archbishop of Canterbury, and Metropolitan Emmanuel of France representing Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew. Groups such as the , , , the , and the Norwegian Anti-Slavery Society continue to campaign to eliminate slavery. Monument to slaves in On May 21, 2001, the passed the law, recognizing slavery as a. Apologies on behalf of African nations, for their role in trading their countrymen into slavery, remain an open issue since slavery was practiced in Africa even before the first Europeans arrived and the was performed with a high degree of involvement of several African societies. The black slave market was supplied by well-established slave trade networks controlled by local African societies and individuals. Indeed, as already mentioned in this article, slavery persists in several areas of until the present day. There is adequate evidence citing case after case of African control of segments of the trade. Several African nations such as the Calabar and other southern parts of Nigeria had economies depended solely on the trade. African peoples such as the Imbangala of Angola and the Nyamwezi of Tanzania would serve as middlemen or roving bands warring with other African nations to capture Africans for Europeans. Several historians have made important contributions to the global understanding of the African side of the. By arguing that African merchants determined the assemblage of trade goods accepted in exchange for slaves, many historians argue for African agency and ultimately a shared responsibility for the slave trade. In 1999, President of formerly the Kingdom of issued a national apology for the central role Africans played in the Atlantic slave trade. President of also apologized for his country's involvement in the slave trade. The issue of an apology is linked to and is still being pursued by a number of entities across the world. For example, the Jamaican Reparations Movement approved its declaration and action Plan. On February 25, 2007, the resolved to 'profoundly regret' and apologize for its role in the institution of slavery. Unique and the first of its kind in the U. On August 24, 2007, Mayor of , United Kingdom, apologized publicly for Britain's role in colonial. He claimed that London was still tainted by the horrors of slavery. Specifically, London outfitted, financed, and insured many of the ships, which helped fund the building of London's docks. The City of , which was a large slave trading port, apologized in 1999. On July 30, 2008, the passed a resolution apologizing for American slavery and subsequent discriminatory laws. The news was welcomed by President , the nation's first President of African descent. Some of President Obama's ancestors may have been slave owners. Claims for reparations for being held in slavery are handled as a matter in almost every country. This is often decried as a serious problem, since former slaves' relative lack of money means they often have limited access to a potentially expensive and futile. In nearly all cases the has ruled that the on these possible claims has long since expired. The word slavery is often used as a pejorative to describe any activity in which one is coerced into performing. Examples Some argue that , and other forms of coerced government labour. Proponents of apply the term slavery to the condition of some or all human-owned animals, arguing that their status is comparable to that of human slaves. Wage slavery Main article: Film has been the most influential medium in the presentation of the history of slavery to the general public around the world. The American film industry has had a complex relationship with slavery and until recent decades often avoided the topic. Films such as 1915 and 1939 became controversial because they gave a favourable depiction. The last favourable treatment was from Disney in 1946. In 1940 gave a liberal but ambiguous interpretation of 's attacks on slavery—the film does not know what to do with slavery. The Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s made defiant slaves into heroes. The question of slavery in American memory necessarily involves its depictions in feature films. Poster for the film Most Hollywood films used American settings, although , dealt with an actual revolt in the Roman Empire known as the. It failed and all the rebels were executed, but their spirit lived on according to the film. La última cena in Spanish was a 1976 film directed by Cuban about the teaching of Christianity to slaves in Cuba, and emphasizes the role of ritual and revolt. Spartacus stays surprisingly close to the historical record. Historians agree that films have largely shaped historical memories, but they debate issues of accuracy, plausibility, moralism, sensationalism, how facts are stretched in search of broader truths, and suitability for the classroom. Berlin argues that critics complain if the treatment emphasizes historical brutality, or if it glosses over the harshness to highlight the emotional impact of slavery. Retrieved May 31, 2012. Archived from on May 27, 2010. Retrieved August 29, 2010. Archived from on February 23, 2007. Retrieved February 11, 2016. White; Kathleen Odell Korgen May 27, 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2018. Retrieved June 16, 2009. Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache. Retrieved 20 May 2015. In Rodriguez, Junius P. Slavery in the Modern World. The Feminist Sexual Ethics Projec. Retrieved August 31, 2014. Retrieved March 11, 2011. Archived from on August 1, 2013. Archived from on December 23, 2009. Retrieved February 11, 2016. Retrieved July 8, 2012. Retrieved February 11, 2016. Archived from PDF on September 21, 2013. Retrieved October 14, 2015. Retrieved 27 May 2018. Retrieved September 29, 2015. PDF from the original on June 13, 2015. Retrieved August 29, 2013. Slavery and South Asian History. Shafritz Editor , International Encyclopedia of Public Edict and Administration. Boulder, CO: , pp. The Journal of Economic History. The Journal of Economic History. Retrieved May 6, 2009. Archived from on April 23, 2008. Retrieved May 6, 2009. McKivigan; Mitchell Snay November 1, 1998. University of Georgia Press. Retrieved May 31, 2012. Retrieved May 31, 2012. Sex Trafficking — Inside the Business of Modern Slavery. Wright, Fubarnomics Buffalo, N. Retrieved July 18, 2012. Retrieved July 18, 2012. Retrieved July 18, 2012. Archived from on October 31, 2008. Retrieved October 14, 2015. Archived from on May 14, 2011. Retrieved August 29, 2010. Retrieved August 29, 2010. Joshel, Slavery in the Roman World Cambridge University Press 2010 pp. Foreigners at Rome: Citizens and Strangers. Duckworth with the Classical Press of Wales. Slaves and Freedmen in Imperial Rome. Retrieved August 11, 2016. East African Literature Bureau. Retrieved May 15, 2015. The University of Texas at Austin. Institute of Economic Research, Seoul National University. Institute for Modern Korean Studies, Yonsei University. Retrieved February 15, 2017. Another target of his critique is the insistence that slaves nobi in Korea, especially in Choson dynasty, were closer to serfs nongno than true slaves noye in Europe and America, enjoying more freedom and independence than what a slave would normally be allowed. Retrieved 14 February 2017. Retrieved 14 February 2017. Retrieved 14 February 2017. Archived from on May 28, 2008. Retrieved August 29, 2010. Retrieved August 29, 2010. Retrieved August 29, 2010. Retrieved May 31, 2012. Retrieved May 31, 2012. The Slave Trade: History of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1440—1870. A History of the County of Chester. Accessed February 5, 2013. Retrieved September 5, 2009. First published in Bristol Magazine July 2006. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Retrieved August 29, 2010. Warfare, State and Society on the Black Sea Steppe,1500—1700. Goodman; Tom McNeely February 1, 2001. Retrieved May 31, 2012. Retrieved May 31, 2012. Retrieved May 31, 2012. Archived from PDF on October 21, 2013. Retrieved August 29, 2010. Archived from on March 10, 2008. Retrieved September 30, 2015. Archived from on 25 May 2017. A History of Africa 4 ed. Tannenbaum, Guilford Dudley 1973. Retrieved March 23, 2016. Retrieved March 23, 2016. New Delhi: VIJ Books India Pty Ltd. According to Robert Davis, from the 16th to 19th century, pirates captured 1 million to 1. Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500-1800. Retrieved December 11, 2017. Retrieved March 12, 2013. In Keith Bradley and Paul Cartledge. The Cambridge World History of Slavery. New York: Cambridge University Press. Journal of African History. Journal of African History: 30. Give Me Liberty: An American History. Department of Art History and Archaeology, Columbia University. The Creation of the British Atlantic World, 2005, pp. Archived from on October 3, 2006. Deanna Barker, Frontier Resources. Retrieved November 4, 2013. The American Historical Review. Virginia: A Guide to the Old Dominion. Popular Controversies in World History. Colonialism: Key Concepts in American History. A Look at the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments: Slavery Abolished, Equal Protection Established. The Black American in United States History. Archived from on October 14, 2013. Philip Burnham, American Heritage Magazine. Barbados: Just Beyond Your Imagination. Hansib Publishing Caribbean Ltd. Archived from on March 13, 2015. Retrieved March 16, 2015. Behrendt, David Richardson, and David Eltis, ,. Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience. New York: Basic Civitas Books. Retrieved July 24, 2013. Archived from on June 8, 2008. Retrieved February 19, 2010. Women and Slavery in the French Antilles, 1635-1848. Archived from on August 5, 2013. Retrieved August 23, 2013. KACIKE: Journal of Caribbean Amerindian History and Anthropology. Archived from on December 2, 2008. Retrieved May 27, 2011. Handbook to Life in the Aztec World. California State University, Los Angeles. Retrieved July 23, 2015. Archived from on December 26, 2002. Retrieved July 23, 2015. Retrieved March 22, 2016. Retrieved July 23, 2015. Government Gazette of Puerto Rico in Spanish. Archived from on June 6, 2007. Center for Advanced Studies of Puerto Rico and the Caribbean in Spanish. Archived from on March 19, 2011. Retrieved March 28, 2016. Retrieved July 23, 2015. The Dutch Seaborne Empire. Retrieved May 26, 2013. Slate May 19, 2015 : Reprinted from Strange New Land: Africans in Colonial America by Peter H. Wood with permission from Oxford University Press © 1996, 2003. Gainesville: University of Florida Press. American Negro Slavery and Abolition: A Sociological Study. University of Chicago Press. Behrendt, David Richardson, and David Eltis, ,. Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience. New York: Basic Civitas Books. Retrieved August 28, 2017. Retrieved September 29, 2015. Retrieved June 5, 2018. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. Encyclopedia of Antislavery and Abolition, Vol. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007. Stanford University Press Stanford , 1986. Stanford University Press Stanford , 2001. The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery, Vol. Retrieved 14 February 2017. Retrieved 4 July 2010. Retrieved July 4, 2010. Retrieved February 14, 2017. Retrieved January 9, 2011. University of California Press. Retrieved 14 February 2017. Seattle: University of Washington Press. Retrieved November 28, 2010. University of California Press. Retrieved November 28, 2010. Retrieved November 28, 2010. Retrieved November 28, 2010. Prakash, The Dutch East India Company and the Economy of Bengal; J. Lieberman, Burmese Administrative Cycles: Anarchy and Conquest, c. Raychaudhuri, Jan Company in Coromandel, 1605—1690: A Study on the Interrelations of European Commerce and Traditional Economies The Hague, 1962 ; S. Spindler, eds, Cultures of Madagascar: Ebb and Flow of Influences Leiden, 1995. Koshy, The Dutch Power in Kerala New Delhi, 1989 ; K. Kusuman, Slavery in Travancore Trivandrum, 1973 ; M. Meilink-Roelofsz, De Vestiging der Nederlanders ter Kuste Malabar The Hague, 1943 ; H. Terpstra, De Opkomst der Westerkwartieren van de Oostindische Compagnie The Hague, 1918. Love, Vestiges from Old Madras London, 1913. On 19 voyages between 1677 and 1732, the mortality rate was somewhat lower 22. Filliot estimated the average mortality rate among slaves shipped from India and West Africa to the Mascarene Islands at 20—25% and 25—30%, respectively. Average mortality rates among slaves arriving from closer catchment areas were lower: 12% from Madagascar and 21% from Southeast Africa. See Filliot, La Traite des Esclaves, p. Kyoto Review of South East Asia; Colquhoun 1885:53. The Kyoto Review of South Asia. Archived from on March 5, 2012. Retrieved March 2, 2014. Retrieved February 2, 2014. Retrieved February 2, 2014. Retrieved February 2, 2014. Retrieved February 2, 2014. Retrieved February 2, 2014. FOREIGNERS IN JAPAN: A Historical Perspective. Retrieved February 2, 2014. Retrieved February 2, 2014. Reischauer Institute of Japanese Studies. Harvard University, Edwin O. Reischauer Institute of Japanese Studies. Retrieved February 2, 2014. University of California Press. Retrieved February 2, 2014. Retrieved May 5, 2012. A China no Brasil: influências, marcas, ecos e sobrevivências chinesas na sociedade e na arte brasileiras in Portuguese. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Idéias e costumes da China podem ter-nos chegado também através de escravos chineses, de uns poucos dos quais sabe-se da presença no Brasil de começos do Setecentos. Parece aliás que aos últimos cabia o trabalho pesado, ficando reservadas aos chins tarefas e funções mais amenas, inclusive a de em certos casos secretariar autoridades civis, religiosas e militares. Slavery in Portuguese India, 1510—1842. The Florentine traveller Fillippo Sassetti, recording his impressions of Lisbon's enormous slave population circa 1580, states that the majority of the Chinese there were employed as cooks. Fidalgos in the Far East 1550-1770 2, illustrated, reprint ed. Their culinary bent not for nothing is Chinese cooking regarded as the Asiatic equivalent to French cooking in Europe was evidently appreciated. The Florentine traveller Filipe Sassetti recording his impressions of Lisbon's enormous slave population circa 1580, states that the majority of the Chinese there were employed as cooks. John Fryer, who gives us an interesting... A China No Brasil: Influencias, Marcas, Ecos E Sobrevivencias Chinesas Na Sociedade E Na Arte Brasileiras in Portuguese. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Japanese Travellers in Sixteenth-century Europe: A Dialogue Concerning the Mission of the Japanese Ambassadors to the Roman Curia 1590. Volume 25 of 3: Works, Hakluyt Society Hakluyt Society. Volume 25 of 3: Works, Hakluyt Society Hakluyt Society illustrated ed. Retrieved February 2, 2014. Slavery in Portuguese India, 1510-1842. Fidalgos in the Far East 1550-1770 2, illustrated, reprint ed. Retrieved 16 February 2017. Retrieved 14 February 2017. Archived from on May 21, 2009. Retrieved August 29, 2010. Retrieved May 31, 2012. The Journal of Jewish Studies. Eizo Matsuki, Mediterranean Studies Group at Hitotsubashi University. Halasi-Kun eds , The Mutual Effects of the Islamic and Judeo-Christian Worlds: The East European Pattern, Brooklyn College, 1979, pp. University of Toronto Press. Retrieved May 31, 2012. Archived from PDF on March 25, 2009. Retrieved August 29, 2014. Retrieved May 31, 2012. Archived from on May 21, 2009. Retrieved May 1, 2010. Retrieved May 31, 2012. Retrieved August 29, 2010. Retrieved August 29, 2010. Retrieved September 30, 2015. Retrieved May 31, 2012. Retrieved Jan 8, 2011. Retrieved August 29, 2010. Retrieved May 28, 2012. Retrieved August 29, 2010. Retrieved September 29, 2015. Archived from on February 9, 2010. Retrieved March 14, 2010. Global Slavery Index 2013. Retrieved October 17, 2013. Disposable People: New Slavery in the Global Economy. University of California Press. Retrieved February 14, 2015. The New York Times. Retrieved August 18, 2013. Archived from on March 23, 2015. Retrieved 24 July 2013. Benjamin January 18, 2010. Retrieved August 29, 2010. Archived from on July 8, 2009. Retrieved August 29, 2010. Retrieved August 29, 2010. Retrieved August 28, 2013. Green, Words that Make New Jersey History: A Primary Source Reader 1995 p 84. Archived from on January 28, 2009. Retrieved September 29, 2015. Retrieved September 29, 2015. Retrieved August 29, 2010. Retrieved September 29, 2015. Archived from on July 14, 2007. Retrieved September 29, 2015. Archived from PDF on May 2, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2015. Retrieved October 5, 2008. Archived from on April 18, 2008. Retrieved August 29, 2010. Translated by Márcia Lameirinhas. Tempos e Espaços Africanos Series, vol. Lisbon: Editora Vulgata, 2002. Retrieved February 23, 2012. Retrieved August 29, 2010. Archived from on September 29, 2007. Retrieved August 29, 2010. Archived from on February 25, 2014. Retrieved July 22, 2009. Archived from on September 30, 2007. Retrieved September 29, 2015. Archived from on October 12, 2007. Retrieved October 9, 2006. Retrieved September 29, 2015. The Dreaded Comparison: Human and Animal Slavery, New York: Mirror Books, 1996. Retrieved 4 March 2013. Retrieved 4 March 2013. Martin and David C. Rosenstone and Constantin Parvulesu, eds. A Companion to the Historical Film Wiley-Blackwell, 2013 , pp. Journal of American History. Retrieved June 3, 2011. University of California Press. The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: ;. Archived from on May 12, 2008. Univ of Wisconsin Press. University Press of Florida. University Press of Kentucky. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. Archived from on November 6, 2006. Univ of South Carolina Press. University of Alabama Press. University of Alabama Press. The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: ;. A volume containing contributions by all the most important writers on modern forms of unfree labour. University of California Press. University of California Press. University of California Press. Mende is a , captured at 12 years old. She was granted by the in 2003.

Forced marriage See also: and or early marriages are often considered types of slavery. Many white Southern Christians, including church ministers, attempted to justify their support for slavery as modified by Christian paternalism. The most common form of the slave trade is now commonly referred to as. Barbados eventually had one of the world's biggest sugar industries. The earliest legal documentation of such a shift was in 1640 where a negro, , was sentenced to lifetime slavery, forcing him to serve his master, Hugh Gwyn, for the remainder of his life, for attempting to run away. Retrieved September 29, 2015. Behrendt, David Richardson, and David Eltis, ,.